Chalkbrood is the only disease you can diagnose outside the colony. Click title to read more.
Innate Immediate, general defense against pathogens, intrinsic ability of the organism to defend itself against non-self (present without previous exposure...
Via natural or created “openings” on an individual Vertical Transmission (mother to off spring) Horizontal Transmission (among individuals) Trophalaxys (the...
Management of Other Pests Mice Mouse guards for the winter Wax Moth Bring drawn equipment in from the field Freeze...
Collective defenses against pathogens and parasites Hygienic behavior Behavioral response where workers detect and remove parasitized or infected immatures Social...