- Vertical Transmission (mother to off spring)
- Horizontal Transmission (among individuals)
- Trophalaxys (the mutual exchange of regurgitated liquids between adult social insects or between them and their larvae)
- Food
- Fecal route
- STDs
- Via parasites (varroa mites)
- Fomites – objects that can carry pathogens, beekeeping equipment, hive tools, protective equipment.